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Machine Learning Homework 2 Solved
0. Read File
Read your csv file into a 2-dimension list (a_list).
1. Label Encoding
scikit library (like most of ML packages) handles numbers only. That means: if some attributes contain symbols/strings (categorical attributes), you must change them to integer numbers. For example, suppose an attribute ‘temperature’ contains 3 values: ‘high’, ‘medium’, ‘low’, you have to change them to 0, 1, 2, respectively. (the integer value ought to begin with 0, and, for now, the order of the value doesn’t matter) Label encoding MUST be done for EVERY categorical attributes (including target attributes).
1) scikit learn provides a built-in function ‘LabelEncoder’ for this purpose. ‘LabelEncoder’ changes symbols to integers from 0 to (no_of_values – 1). Refer to the following example and implement Label Encoding using ‘LabelEncoder’
>from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
# change symbols to integer
>le = LabelEncoder()
>le.fit(["paris", "paris", "tokyo", "amsterdam"])
# shows unique values >le.classes_
array(['amsterdam', 'paris', 'tokyo'], dtype='|S9') # convert symbols to sequential integers >le.transform(["tokyo", "tokyo", "paris"]) array([2, 2, 1])
# you can also convert integers into seqential integers (begining 0)
>le.fit([1, 2, 2, 6]) >le.classes_ array([1, 2, 6]) >le.transform([1, 1, 2, 6]) array([0, 0, 1, 2])
* After label Encoding for every categorical attribute, ‘a_list’ file is now renamed to ‘a_list_enc’
2. Normalize
Using 'a_list_enc' above, we are going to normalize the values of each attributes.
*** DON’T normalize target(class) attribute
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1) For every value x of a certain attribute, change it to |x - min|/|max-min| where ‘min’/‘max’ means the minimum/maximum value within the attribute, respectively. scikit learn has a function ‘MinMaxScaler’ which does the same functionality.
import numpy as np
data = [44.645, 44.055, 44.54, 44.04, 43.975, 43.49, 42.04, 42.6, 42.46, 41.405] min_max_scaler = preprocessing.MinMaxScaler(feature_range=(0, 1)) data_scaled = min_max_scaler.fit_transform([np.float32(data)]) print data_scaled
Normalize every attribute (except target attribute) using MinMaxScaler.
2) Instead of ‘MinMaxScaler’, now you use ‘StandardScaler’.
scaler = StandardScaler() # Fit only to the training data scaler.fit(X_train)
# Now apply the transformations to the data:
X_train = scaler.transform(X_train) X_test = scaler.transform(X_test)
Normalize every attribute (except target attribute) using StandardScaler.
* Choose the resulting file from either 1) or 2), and now ‘a_list_enc’ file is renamed to ‘a_list_enc_norm’
3. Divide_train_test
From a file ‘a_list’, ‘X_data’ is the attribute values except target attribute and ‘Y_data’ is the list of target values.
For example, suppose a_list=[[1,0,2,3,1], [0,1,1,2,0], [0,1,0,1,1], [0,0,2,3,1]], X_data = [[1,0,2,3], [0,1,1,2], [0,1,0,1], [0,0,2,3]] and Y_data = [1,0,1,1]
1) write a program which splits ‘a_list_enc_norm’ file into ‘X_data’ and ‘Y_data’.
2) split ‘X_data’ and ‘Y_data’ into X_train, X_test, Y_train, Y_test as follows: X_train, X_test, Y_train, Y_test = train_test_split(X_data, Y_data, test_size=0.2, random_state=33)
4. Running Neural Network
* refer to the following page.
http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.neural_network.MLPClassifi er.html
Now you are ready to run scikit program! Refer to the following Python program segment to run neural networks.
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler from sklearn.neural_network import MLPClassifier from sklearn.metrics import classification_report,confusion_matrix
... prepare your X_train, X_test, Y_train, Y_test files.
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# build neural network model clf = MLPClassifier(hidden_layer_sizes=(20,))
# train your NN using X_train & Y_train data clf.fit(X_train, Y_train)
# Now training is done # predict results for X_test predictions = clf.predict(X_test)
# Compare the ‘predictions’ with Y_test # show the accuracy or confusion matrix or etc ... your code ....
1) different hidden layer/node
hidden_layer_sizes=(20,) means one hidden layer with 20 hidden nodes hidden_layer_sizes=(15,15,15) means 3 hidden layers with 15 hidden nodes each. run neural network with
a. one hidden layer with 3 different hidden nodes (on your own choice)
b. two hidden layers with 3 different hidden node configurations. (on your own choice)
2) based on the result of 1), plot the relationship between accuracy and hidden layer/nodes.
3) run neural network by changing 'activation function' {‘identity’, ‘logistic’, ‘tanh’,
‘relu’}, Compare the results of these activation functions by plotting
4) run neural network with different 'momentum' values of (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8).
Compare the results of these parameter values by plotting.
5) run neural network with 4 different learning rate (on your choice).
You have to change 'learning_rate' parameter and (sometimes) 'learning_rate_init' parameter. Compare the results of these parameter values by plotting.
5. Discretization
For every numeric(continuous) attribute, we are going to discretize it, meaning numeric attribute is converted in a number of intervals (bins). In this exercise, we use equal distance discretization.
You can also use scikit library to discretize values. Referring to the following example code,
from sklearn.preprocessing import KBinsDiscretizer disc = KBinsDiscretizer(n_bins=3, encode='uniform', strategy='uniform') disc.fit_transform(X)
Using 'a_list_enc' from Q. 1 above, do the following.
1) For every numeric attribute in ‘a_list_enc’, discretize the attribute with N=4 intervals. (you can change N value if you want)
* After discretizing every numeric attribute, ‘a_list_enc’ file is now renamed to
‘a_list_enc_disc’
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6. Running Decision Tree
FYI, refer to the following page. https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.tree.DecisionTreeClassifier .html
1) Using Q. 3 method, split 'a_list_enc_disc' into X_train, X_test, Y_train, Y_test
From Q. 4 (neural network), replace the following line clf = MLPClassifier(hidden_layer_sizes=(20,)) by clf = DecisionTreeClassifier()
Run this decision tree TWICE by changing criterion=’gini’ or ‘entropy’.
Compare the results. For your dataset, which model is better ? gini or entropy ?
(Maybe your ‘max_depth’ value should be 5 or higher.)
2) show the diagram of one decision tree using graphviz (refer to lab class) 3) run decision tree TEN TIMES by changing 'max_depth' values. What if the max_depth value is very large or very small? You need to compare the two values(very small and very large values).
4) Plot the graph of Q 3) and find the optimal ‘max_depth’.
5) Explain why the ‘max_depth’ is the optimal value in relation to the Q 4) graph.
7. Running IBL (K nearest neighbor)
from sklearn.neighbors import NearestNeighbors from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier prepare your X_train, X_test, Y_train, Y_test files
# build IBL model clf = KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=7) clf.fit(X_train, Y_train)
# Predict the class labels for the provided data predictions = clf.predict(X_test)
# calculate the accuracies by comparing predictions and Y_test
... show accuracies using graph
# you may use the following clf.score(X_test, Y_test) OR accuracy_score(Y_test, predictions)
# you can also get the probability estimates for the test data X. pred_prob = clf.predict_proba(X_test)
O refer to the following url https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.neighbors.KNeighborsClassifier. html
1) run the algorithm by changing the value of n_neighbors (default=5) to 1, 5, 9, and 13, respectively. Draw a graph showing the relationship between accuracy and
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n_neighbors.
2) run the algorithm by changing the value of weights to ‘uniform’ and ‘distance’, respectively. Compare the results by plotting bar graph and explain the meaning of the results.
3) run the algorithm by changing the value of p to 1 (Manhattan) and 2 (Euclidean). Compare the results by plotting bar graph and explain the meaning of the results.
