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CEI-Lab 4 ASCII Decimal to 2SC Solved
In this lab, you will develop a more detailed understanding of how data is represented, stored, and manipulated at the processor level. In addition to strengthening your understanding of MIPS coding, you will read a string input and learn how to convert numerical ASCII characters into a two’s complement binary number. You will also learn how to print a two’s complement integer stored in a register.
Lab Preparation
Read chapters 1 and 9 from Introduction To MIPS Assembly Language Programming.
Specification
Functionality
The functionality of your program will be as follows:
1. Read two program arguments: signed decimal numbers [-64, 63].
2. Print the user inputs.
3. Convert the ASCII strings into two sign-extended integer values.
a. Convert the first program argument to a 32-bit two’s complement number, stored in register $s1.
b. Convert the second program argument to a 32-bit two’s complement number, stored in register $s2.
4. Add the two integer values, store the sum in $s0.
5. Print the sum as a decimal to the console.
6. Print the sum as 32-bit two’s complement binary number to the console.
7. (Extra credit) Print the sum as a decimal number expressed in Morse code.
a. Use a period (ASCII code 0x2E) for “dots” and a hyphen (ASCII code 0x2D) for “dashes”.
b. Insert a space (ASCII code 0x20) between characters.
c. Don’t forget to print the Morse code for a minus sign if the number is negative!
Two Parts
Part A: Block Diagram & Pseudocode
Before coding, you will first create a top level block diagram or flowchart to show
how the different portions of your program will work together. Use https://www.draw.io or a similar drafting program to create this document. This diagram will be contained in the file Diagram.pdf. This diagram must be computer generated to receive full credit.
Next, you will create pseudo code that outlines your program. Your pseudocode will appear underneath your header comment in Lab4.asm.
Part B: Assembly Code
Write a program in MIPS to implement the functionality.
Output
An example of the expected output is given below. Your code’s output format should match this output format exactly. New line characters are printed after each number representation. If you skip the extra credit, the last line printed will be the new line character after the binary value.
You entered the decimal numbers:
45 -54
The sum in decimal is:
-9
The sum in two’s complement binary is:
11111111111111111111111111110111
The sum in Morse code is:
-....- ----.
-- program is finished running --
Files
Diagram.pdf
This file will contain a block diagram or flowchart of how the different components of your code work together. To receive full credit, you must submit a computer generated diagram. Hand drawn diagrams will be worth half credit.
Lab4.asm
This file contains your pseudocode and assembly code.
Header Comment
Your code should include a header comment with your name, CruzID, date, lab number, course number, quarter, school, program description and notes. Every program you write should include information like this. This is a good opportunity to start developing effective code documentation skills. An example header comment is shown below. ############################################################################
# Created by: Last Name, First Name
# CruzID
# 7 August 2018
#
# Assignment: Lab 64: Hello World
# CMPE 012, Computer Systems and Assembly Language
# UC Santa Cruz, Fall 2018
#
# Description: This program prints ‘Hello world.’ to the screen.
#
# Notes: This program is intended to be run from the MARS IDE.
############################################################################
Notes can contain any messages that are important for the user to know in order to run the program properly. For this lab you should put a note about how to enter a program argument.
Every block or section of code should have a comment describing what that block of code is for. In-line comments should be lined up (using spaces) for ease of readability.
Register Usage
Registers $s1 and $s2 shall contain the two 32-bit two’s complement integers entered by the user. Register $s0 shall be used to store the 32-bit two’s complement sum.
You should try to use as few registers as possible. Try to only use $zero, $v0, $a0,
$s0-$s2, and the temporary registers, $t0-$t9. If you run out of registers, you may use $s3-$s8.
After the header comment and pseudocode, but before your program, include a comment about register usage. Some registers might be reused in several parts of your code, this is ok. An example of this comment is shown below.
# REGISTER USAGE
# $t0: address of first character from user input,
# holds value of 0xFFFFFFFF for sign extension
# $s0: stores 2SC sum of user inputs
White Space
Line up instructions, operands, and comments to increase readability. Code should be indented from labels.
Bad Example
LI $t1 2 #initialize $t1 LOOP:
ADDI $t0 $t0 1 #increment $t0
BLT $t0 $t1 LOOP #determine if code should re-enter loop
Good Example
LI $t1 2 # initialize $t1 LOOP:
ADDI $t0 $t0 1 # increment $t0
BLT $t0 $t1 LOOP # determine if code should re-enter loop
A Note About Tabs
It is preferable to line up comments using spaces as opposed to tabs. Text editors can have different standards for the width of one tab character. For this reason, it is preferable to line up comments using spaces, not tabs, so that the code appears the same regardless of text editor.
Syscalls
When printing the integer values, you may use syscall system services 4 (print string) and 11 (print character). You may not use syscall system service 1 (print integer) or syscall system service 35 (print integer as binary).
Input
In this lab you will obtain two user inputs, not using a syscall, but by using program arguments. The user will enter two integer values between -64 and 63. These numbers will be sign-extended to 32 bits and stored in $s1 and $s2. Turn on program arguments from the Settings menu as shown below.
When program arguments are entered and the code is run, $a0 initially contains the number of program arguments entered (program arguments are separated by spaces). The register $a1 initially contains an address that we will call Address 1. If we go to Address 1 in memory, we will find another address, which we will call Address 2A. If we go to Address 2A in memory, we will find the ASCII encoding for the first byte of the first string entered in the program arguments.
Example Program Argument
In this example, there are four program arguments. We will call these Program Arguments A, B, C, and D as follows:
Program Argument A: “Flux”
Program Argument B: “is”
Program Argument C: “a”
Program Argument D: “bunny”
The value of $a0 has the value of 4 to match the 4 program arguments. We will call
the value in $a1 “Address 1.”
Address 1 should be found in the stack. You can jump to the stack area of the program by selecting “current $sp” from the drop down menu on the bottom of the memory window.
If we go to the Address 1 in memory (0x7fffefec in this example), we will find the first of 4 more addresses. We will call these addresses “Address 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D.” Address 2A is the location of the first character in Program Argument A, Address 2B is the location of the first character in Program Argument B, and so on.
If we go to Address 2A (0x7ffffff8 in this example), we will find the ASCII encoding for first character of Program Argument A. If we go to Address 2B (0x7ffffff5 in this example), we will find the ASCII encoding for first character of Program Argument B, and so on. Check the ASCII box to display the data as ASCII characters. Note that each program argument ends with a null character.
It is important that you do not hard-code the values for any of the addresses in your program.
Turn Off Delayed Branching
From the settings menu, make sure Delayed branching is unchecked.
Checking this option will insert a “delay slot” which makes the next instruction after a branch execute, no matter the outcome of the branch. To avoid having your program behave in unpredictable ways, make sure Delayed branching is turned off. In addition, add a nop instruction after each branch instruction. For example:
LI $t1 2 LOOP:
ADDI $t0 $t0 1
BLT $t0 $t1 LOOP
NOP # nop added after the branch instruction
ADD $t3 $t5 $t6
Lab Preparation
Read chapters 1 and 9 from Introduction To MIPS Assembly Language Programming.
Specification
Functionality
The functionality of your program will be as follows:
1. Read two program arguments: signed decimal numbers [-64, 63].
2. Print the user inputs.
3. Convert the ASCII strings into two sign-extended integer values.
a. Convert the first program argument to a 32-bit two’s complement number, stored in register $s1.
b. Convert the second program argument to a 32-bit two’s complement number, stored in register $s2.
4. Add the two integer values, store the sum in $s0.
5. Print the sum as a decimal to the console.
6. Print the sum as 32-bit two’s complement binary number to the console.
7. (Extra credit) Print the sum as a decimal number expressed in Morse code.
a. Use a period (ASCII code 0x2E) for “dots” and a hyphen (ASCII code 0x2D) for “dashes”.
b. Insert a space (ASCII code 0x20) between characters.
c. Don’t forget to print the Morse code for a minus sign if the number is negative!
Two Parts
Part A: Block Diagram & Pseudocode
Before coding, you will first create a top level block diagram or flowchart to show
how the different portions of your program will work together. Use https://www.draw.io or a similar drafting program to create this document. This diagram will be contained in the file Diagram.pdf. This diagram must be computer generated to receive full credit.
Next, you will create pseudo code that outlines your program. Your pseudocode will appear underneath your header comment in Lab4.asm.
Part B: Assembly Code
Write a program in MIPS to implement the functionality.
Output
An example of the expected output is given below. Your code’s output format should match this output format exactly. New line characters are printed after each number representation. If you skip the extra credit, the last line printed will be the new line character after the binary value.
You entered the decimal numbers:
45 -54
The sum in decimal is:
-9
The sum in two’s complement binary is:
11111111111111111111111111110111
The sum in Morse code is:
-....- ----.
-- program is finished running --
Files
Diagram.pdf
This file will contain a block diagram or flowchart of how the different components of your code work together. To receive full credit, you must submit a computer generated diagram. Hand drawn diagrams will be worth half credit.
Lab4.asm
This file contains your pseudocode and assembly code.
Header Comment
Your code should include a header comment with your name, CruzID, date, lab number, course number, quarter, school, program description and notes. Every program you write should include information like this. This is a good opportunity to start developing effective code documentation skills. An example header comment is shown below. ############################################################################
# Created by: Last Name, First Name
# CruzID
# 7 August 2018
#
# Assignment: Lab 64: Hello World
# CMPE 012, Computer Systems and Assembly Language
# UC Santa Cruz, Fall 2018
#
# Description: This program prints ‘Hello world.’ to the screen.
#
# Notes: This program is intended to be run from the MARS IDE.
############################################################################
Notes can contain any messages that are important for the user to know in order to run the program properly. For this lab you should put a note about how to enter a program argument.
Every block or section of code should have a comment describing what that block of code is for. In-line comments should be lined up (using spaces) for ease of readability.
Register Usage
Registers $s1 and $s2 shall contain the two 32-bit two’s complement integers entered by the user. Register $s0 shall be used to store the 32-bit two’s complement sum.
You should try to use as few registers as possible. Try to only use $zero, $v0, $a0,
$s0-$s2, and the temporary registers, $t0-$t9. If you run out of registers, you may use $s3-$s8.
After the header comment and pseudocode, but before your program, include a comment about register usage. Some registers might be reused in several parts of your code, this is ok. An example of this comment is shown below.
# REGISTER USAGE
# $t0: address of first character from user input,
# holds value of 0xFFFFFFFF for sign extension
# $s0: stores 2SC sum of user inputs
White Space
Line up instructions, operands, and comments to increase readability. Code should be indented from labels.
Bad Example
LI $t1 2 #initialize $t1 LOOP:
ADDI $t0 $t0 1 #increment $t0
BLT $t0 $t1 LOOP #determine if code should re-enter loop
Good Example
LI $t1 2 # initialize $t1 LOOP:
ADDI $t0 $t0 1 # increment $t0
BLT $t0 $t1 LOOP # determine if code should re-enter loop
A Note About Tabs
It is preferable to line up comments using spaces as opposed to tabs. Text editors can have different standards for the width of one tab character. For this reason, it is preferable to line up comments using spaces, not tabs, so that the code appears the same regardless of text editor.
Syscalls
When printing the integer values, you may use syscall system services 4 (print string) and 11 (print character). You may not use syscall system service 1 (print integer) or syscall system service 35 (print integer as binary).
Input
In this lab you will obtain two user inputs, not using a syscall, but by using program arguments. The user will enter two integer values between -64 and 63. These numbers will be sign-extended to 32 bits and stored in $s1 and $s2. Turn on program arguments from the Settings menu as shown below.
When program arguments are entered and the code is run, $a0 initially contains the number of program arguments entered (program arguments are separated by spaces). The register $a1 initially contains an address that we will call Address 1. If we go to Address 1 in memory, we will find another address, which we will call Address 2A. If we go to Address 2A in memory, we will find the ASCII encoding for the first byte of the first string entered in the program arguments.
Example Program Argument
In this example, there are four program arguments. We will call these Program Arguments A, B, C, and D as follows:
Program Argument A: “Flux”
Program Argument B: “is”
Program Argument C: “a”
Program Argument D: “bunny”
The value of $a0 has the value of 4 to match the 4 program arguments. We will call
the value in $a1 “Address 1.”
Address 1 should be found in the stack. You can jump to the stack area of the program by selecting “current $sp” from the drop down menu on the bottom of the memory window.
If we go to the Address 1 in memory (0x7fffefec in this example), we will find the first of 4 more addresses. We will call these addresses “Address 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D.” Address 2A is the location of the first character in Program Argument A, Address 2B is the location of the first character in Program Argument B, and so on.
If we go to Address 2A (0x7ffffff8 in this example), we will find the ASCII encoding for first character of Program Argument A. If we go to Address 2B (0x7ffffff5 in this example), we will find the ASCII encoding for first character of Program Argument B, and so on. Check the ASCII box to display the data as ASCII characters. Note that each program argument ends with a null character.
It is important that you do not hard-code the values for any of the addresses in your program.
Turn Off Delayed Branching
From the settings menu, make sure Delayed branching is unchecked.
Checking this option will insert a “delay slot” which makes the next instruction after a branch execute, no matter the outcome of the branch. To avoid having your program behave in unpredictable ways, make sure Delayed branching is turned off. In addition, add a nop instruction after each branch instruction. For example:
LI $t1 2 LOOP:
ADDI $t0 $t0 1
BLT $t0 $t1 LOOP
NOP # nop added after the branch instruction
ADD $t3 $t5 $t6
1 file (3.4KB)
